The importance of tourism in the global economy

The importance of tourism in the global economy Chapter 2: Literature Review Chapter 2 presents an outline of the tourism industry while emphasizing on the growing importance of the sector in the global economy to postulate the potential of the tourism industry. It emphasizes on country identity and country image. Hence, literature review is formulated to foster a theoretical framework for the premises of answering the research question. A global perspective on the Tourism Industry â€Å"Shorter working hours, greater individual prosperity, faster and less expensive travel, and the impact of advanced technology has all helped to make the leisure and tourism industry the fastest growing industry in the world† (Edgell, Sr., 1990). Tourism has become a flourishing industry in the twentieth century, where destinations rely massively on their natural and manmade resources to build their tourism industry. Nowadays, it is viewed as a major element for economic development and growth. The tourism industry is seen as the most highly significant and integral part of any economy. It is also an industry which generates employment and foreign exchange earnings, Lim (1997) and Crouch (1996). World Tourism Organization projected the international arrival by the year 2020 to be around 1.56 billion. Out of the projected number, intraregional number is expected to rise to 1,2 billion. Therefore, the projection for long haul travellers alone is estimated to reach 0.4 billion. Notably, statistics indicates that long haul travelers will increase at a rate of 5.4 percent yearly, between 1995 – 2020. This prediction for increase in long haul opens an avenue for distant destinations as Mauritius and others WTO (2006). The figures above indicate that the tourism industry is a very promising one. However, to attract tourists to the destination, it is important to understand their psychology and buying attitudes so as to have a more precise marketing campaign that will attract them in the first instance itself. The literature that follows gives more insight on the topic. Tourism in Mauritius Mauritius is a subtropical island in the Indian Ocean, strategically positioned at the intersection of Africa and Asia, at 855 km east of Madagascar. According to statistics Mauritius, Mauritius has welcomed 786,963 visitors from January to October 2013 against 765,578 travelers for the same calendar period in 2012. The Bank of Mauritius, state that Gross tourism receipts for the first nine months of 2013 were at Rs 41,500 million. For 2014, tourism receipt is estimated to be Rs. 44,500 million. Mauritius is a renowned destination for Quality Tourism- along with being exotic, safe, beautiful and peaceful; it has a unique combination of diverse cultures, well run hotels. All these have enable Mauritius to develop from nothing to become one among its main pillars. Mauritius has a well established reputation for its tourism industry in the international tourism market. The next five most popular destinations for holidays, according to Travel and Leisure magazine, are Mauritius, New Zealand, Spain, South Africa and Norway. Mauritius is the only resort destination in this set. In addition, during the International Tourism Conclave Travel Awards (ITCTA) held in Jaipur Rajasthan, on October 2013, Mauritius has also received the award for Best Destination Country. Country identity versus country image Since country identity is at the core of this dissertation, it is worthwhile to give an overview of the literature thereof. A destination has unique characteristics that enable it to differentiate itself in the international market. These unique features are called the country identity. Hence country image is formed by country identity. Therefore, this section addresses and country identity cues and country image. It starts with an introduction of the theory of country image and country identity followed by the significant elements that build up a country’s image and ends by a discussion on the causes of image and tourist destination. A good image and a positive reputation are probably the most valuable assets a country can possess. (Papadopoulos Heslop, 2002:295) Country Identity According to Nworah (2004), Building the image of a country is the way through which a country is actively seeking to build a unique and competitive identity with the intention of positioning the country internally and externally as a good destination for trade, tourism and investment. This identity is created based on the combination of exceptional factors of attractiveness that will enable it to be ahead of competitors, Moilanan and Rainisto, (2009). According to Buhalis (2000), these exceptional factors can characterize in the six A’s framework illustrated in the table below: Table 1: Six A’s Framework for the analysis of tourism destinations Source: (Buhalis (2000) Elements of country identity Elements of country identity are predominant and are stated to influence an individual’s `opinion of a country image that cannot be changed or manipulated for the purpose of place marketing. The various aspects of country image that directly influences its image are discussed therein. However, for the purpose of this research, only few aspects of country identity, that directly impact on a destination’s image, are analyzed. Country main factors Country main factors describes various attributes of country identity, which are predominant and which are cited to impact on an individual’s perception of a country image and it cannot be changed or manipulated for the purpose of place marketing. The works within the theory are adopted from diverse sources like Beerli Martin (2004), Kotler Gerner (2002) Kotler et al. 1993, 121 – 135). Destinations– specific elements and their image significance are relatively obvious, because of the limitation of this research only few features of the country specific are addressed. Personal factors The image of a country is form based on the stereotypes that people hold on that place. Stereotypes of place or an image, develops over time and space and spread from the premises of the familiarity with illustrations of renowned people and knowledge of the products of a given country, etc. Because image is more of a personal interpretation, image that people have of a country differs from stereotypes. Hence, the image(s) that people have about the same place may vary depending on the individual’s own, wants, enthusiasm, prior knowledge and fondness (Beerli Martin 2004, 653). Personal factors can be classified as, psychological and social. Psychological factors have already been discussed in the consumer behavior section. Personal unique motivations, beliefs and personality, social aspects comprise of individual, educational achievements, age background and other social factors (Balogu McCleary 1999, 870). Therefore, the attributes enumerated above, are said to affect a person’s assessment on any product, service and for the purpose of this research, a destination. Geographical Location When dealing with country image, the geographical location of the destination cannot be neglected. Geographical location refers to the accessibility of the destination, and it therefore influences the travelling costs to a given place (country). This aspect is important because it knowingly impacts on consumer’s choice to a long haul country (Vuoristo 2003, 55; Oppermann 2000, 99). Outstandingly, recently, most European tourists have been attracted to travel to closer destinations that meet their needs like â€Å"sun and shores† as Spain and Asia rather than opting for distant destinations. To respond to the demands of the European market, Asian countries have orchestrated their destinations because of its closeness to Europe and thus compete with low-priced packages compared to long distance locations like as Mauritius or Seychelles or even Australia. From the point of view of European or American travelers, when considering time factor to travel to a distant destination and the cost of travelling as criteria, Mauritius in this instance is viewed as a distant location. To support this argument the number of European travelers visiting Mauritius has decreased from 51,529 in 2013 to 50,548 in 2014, for the month of January. (CSO, 2014). Geopolitics As far as geopolitics is concerned, the political atmosphere can influence the accessibility of the destination and the overall image of the said country. For example, during the period of Mao of China, his politics and opinions made tourists less keen to visit the destination. WTO has projected the future of China as being a leader in the world by being the first world class destination that will charm greatest number of tourists by the year 2020. Therefore, to cater for this market new China is determined to converting its politics, protocols and evolving infrastructures which now interest international investors, and tourists towards its destination (Weaver Oppermann 2000). Political accessibility is the regulations, policies, concerning mainly immigration conditions under which a tourist is regulated to have access to that country. Complicated country accessibility in terms of tourist visas procedures, levying costly visas, complicated procedures contributes largely leads in dem oralizing a destination image. Climate and Culture The attributes of climate and nature, impacts on the formation of country image to a great extent depending on the background of the individual in question. Furthermore, the necessity and wish for a change is among the most dominant factors in tourism decision-making. As a result, individuals coming from very cold climate are more likely to opt for warmer and exotic destinations. Persons coming from developed and urban background might be charmed by nature and adventure (Vuoristo 2003, 29). In instance, the rise in globalization is believed to fuel homogenous culture and tourists are highly interested in revisiting outstanding heritage locations so as to re-capture the lost culture and practices. For instance countries like Egypt, Istanbul and Italy are well appreciated by their profound heritage spots and rich history. Distance – Decay Distance decay indicates the tendency of inbound tourism moves to decline as areas become more distant from the destination (Weaver Oppermann 2000, 98). Gallarza et al (2002, 61), suggest that distance plays an important role in the image formation process. It is also mentioned that the country’s size and global power regarding its economy and politics primarily impacts on the distance – decay effects. Luostarinen (2002) also shares this opinion, in his study he found out that the distance between country of origin and the target market impacts on the international market policy. Even if these studies have been dedicated towards organizations, however the same rules are appropriate with regard of tourist destination. Travel Intermediaries Travel intermediaries refer to travel agents and tour operators and they are considered as essential information facilitators. They are strategically positioned at the frontier and having direct contact with travelers or future travelers making them in a solid position to impose destination images to travelers based on the information that they have. Andreu et al. (2002) stated that travel intermediaries are important â€Å"protagonist† who spread information to tourists or possible tourists and thereby impact on, image and choices of travel. Therefore, tour operators or travel agents have the art of painting the picture of any tourist destination based on how they want to sell that destination. Travel operators sell a destination with simple information retrieved from the countries they represent. The marketing material that is, brochures, web pages, personal experience, and so on are at their disposal and are significant in designing an unreal destination to the potential customers. The amount of information available on the internet has allowed travelers with a wealth of information at their disposals. With click of a mouse anyone can easily retrieve essential information about any destination. Therefore customers cannot be fooled easily. However, most travelers rely greatly on information given by those travel intermediaries whose trade is to deal directly on travel destinations. Balogu Mangaloglu (2001) have argued that images that travel intermediaries have of a destination is the same as those held by customers in general. Konecnik ( ibid) stated â€Å" mainly for international destinations, the role of travel intermediaries in promoting and framing images of the destination is enhanced, because of tourists who are more apt to consider travel intermediaries in their selections of destination† It can be said that travel intermediaries has an important role in image formation of a destination. (Ashwoth Voogd (1994, 49) Stimulus Factors Concerning information source, Balogu and Mac Cleary (1999, 892) concluded that the variety and the quantity of information sources adds positively to a cognitive assessment of a destination. Hence, destinations need to encourage everyone to make use of several information sources available. In instance, Media has mainly arranged in painting US facade with image features perceived today (super power and wealth). Thus common media vehicles includes, television, radio, movie to internet has proved significant in dissemination of information to the general public. According to WTO (2006) â€Å"it is significant for marketers to tracking of new stories for necessary action. Instance, rapid response to erroneous information news stories affecting the tourism industry† World media leaders like as BBC, CNN acknowledge the role of media and its effects.

Different Types of Business Information and Their Sources Essay

Merseytravel uses a lot of different communications to communicate with people, which includes; verbal, written, on-screen, multimedia and web-based communication. Using these five different types of communications, Merseytravel can communicate with other people using different ways to communicate which includes technology and face-to-face. Verbal Communication in Merseytravel Verbal communication in Merseytravel can be used several ways, like advisory panels, telephone or face-to-face to verbal communicate. Verbal communication is very important for the reason being that you are dealing with a variety of people through out the day. In some cases you may deal with people who have different culture, ages and with different levels of experience. An important verbal communication that Merseytravel use frequently is; Advisory panels. Advisory panels are used by Merseytravel which acts as meetings where each of the five district councils come together and have a verbal meeting which includes; Knowsley, Liverpool, St Helens, Sefton and Wirral. Meetings of the advisory panels are held on a quarterly basis, which in the meeting include verbal communication about how Merseytravel can improve. The main objective of the advisory panels is when verbal communicating to each other they can update each others knowledge, like how their markets are developing, what the eco nomy is doing and what new laws are being passed that might affect the way they operate. The source of the verbal communication is Merseytravels meeting room where the advisory panels take place. The reason why advisory panels take place is so Merseytravel can get together and discuss on how to improve them-selves. Advantages of verbal communication: It’s easier to communicate verbally than any other way because you get to understand every detail that is being spoken by the other person. In Merseytravel customers communicate with the staff members this is an advantage because they get to ask questions if they don’t understand the instructions clearly. Disadvantages of verbal communication A disadvantage for this type if communication in Merseytravel is when a language barrier occurs, if one person does not understand the other due to the fact that he or she does not speak English or does not cope with the accent so that will cause a poor communication between the staff member and the customer like on the ferry service etc. Overall, verbal communication is important in Merseytravel as they can get together like in their advisory panels and discuss to each other about Merseytravel and how they can improve etc, which using verbal communication, it easy to get information across to each other than using of communications like web-based. Verbal communication in Merseytravel is internal as the advisory panels are just to do with Merseytravel but other verbal communication in Merseytravel is external when a customer wants to be a stakeholder. Web-based communication in Merseytravel Web-based communication is communication over the web. Web-based communication includes E-mail, Train alerts and bus alerts etc. Web-based applications are used on Merseytravels website which includes the train alerts etc. Web-based communication is good because people can access the web from wherever they are now days because people have mobile broadband. Train alerts are an important web-based communication in Merseytravel. For people travelling around all the time, web-based communication can be important to them. For example, if the person is out travelling and wants to see that the trains are running fine, then they can access web-based communication by going on Merseytravels website and clicking on the hyperlink on the side leading to the train alerts and can find out the information they wanted to know all using web-based communication. The source of web-based communication is a hyperlink from the side of Merseytravels website, called: ‘Train alerts’. The reason why Merseytravel have a hyperlink to ‘Train alerts’ is because people can check the train alerts if they are outdoors and need to get a train somewhere and so can easily access train alerts and check to see if the train they need is running fine and on time. Advantages of web-based communication The public can access Merseytravels web-based information wherever they are to find out on Merseytravels latest information like, get up to date on the latest train and bus alerts etc. Disadvantages of web-based communication: Not everyone can access the web because they may not have broadband, therefore cannot get the latest news on Merseytravel etc. Overall, Web-based communication is a good way to communicate to the public as a lot of people can access the web wherever they are and can get update on Merseytravel’s latest information wherever they are which is very mobile, although people who don’t have the access to the web cannot access this information which is a disadvantage to Merseytravel. Written communication in Merseytravel Written communication in Merseytravel can be used several ways like giving out surveys and leaflets to the customers. Written communication can be just as important as verbal or non-verbal communication. You can’t take back what you say, but you also can’t take back what you write. People ten thousand miles away from me right now may also be reading this very thing I’m reading about the Merseytravel leaflet, so written communication in Merseytravel is very mobile and people far away can read it. Merseytravel uses written communication when researching community views. Merseytravel wants new passengers and wants to promote their services to the public and so frequent passenger surveys are provided to the customers which are written communication and the customer filling out the survey can put their feedback on it in written communication so Merseytravel can improve. The source of these surveys may be given out to passengers on the train to get the customers feedbacks on how Merseytravels train are operating to see if they need improving etc. The reason why the surveys are giving out on the trains is because Merseytravel want the customer’s feedback on what they feel about their trains and since they are on the train they are more likely to get better feedback than if Merseytravel was to ask people to fill in a survey about their trains who where just walking in the town centre. Advantages of written communication †¢ Written communication helps in laying down apparent principles, policies and rules for running of an organization. †¢ It is a permanent means of communication. Thus, it is useful where record maintenance is required. †¢ It assists in proper delegation of responsibilities. While in case of oral communication, it is impossible to fix and delegate responsibilities on the grounds of speech as it can be taken back by the speaker or he may refuse to acknowledge. †¢ Written communication is more precise and explicit. Disadvantages of written communication †¢ Written communication does not save upon the costs. It costs huge in terms of stationery and the manpower employed in writing/typing and delivering letters. †¢ Written communication is time-consuming as the feedback is not immediate. The encoding and sending of message takes time. †¢ Effective written communication requires great skills and competencies in language and vocabulary use. Poor writing skills and quality have a negative impact on organization’s reputation. Multimedia communication in Merseytravel Multimedia communication in Merseytravel is used on their website a lot. On promotions and attractions on Merseytravels website they have are attractions around Merseyside, and if you click on one like the ‘u-boat story’ it shows a multimedia context. When you click on the ‘u-boat story’ a presentation slide comes up and flicks through all pictures of the ‘u-boat story’. This presentation slide communicates to the public through pictures which is a multimedia way of communication and can give the public a good insight to what the’ u-boat story’ is about by just viewing the pictures. The source of this information is on Merseytravels website there is a link to promotions and attractions and then a link to the ‘u-boat story’. The reason why the u-boat story is on merseytravels website is because people who tend to use their website will be tourist wanting to find out how they can travel somewhere and so having promotions and attractions on their website, will encourage them to click on it and find out about local attractions and by merseytravel allowing the u-boat story to be a multimedia communication, people on the website viewing it can get a good feel of what it is like which will encourage them to go see it more than if it was just written communication as it would seem boring and you would not know what it would be like. Advantages of multimedia communication in Merseytravel †¢ Enhancement of Text Only Messages: Multimedia enhances text only presentations by adding interesting sounds and compelling visuals. †¢ Improves over Traditional Audio-Video Presentations: Audiences are more attentive to multimedia messages than traditional presentations done with slides or overhead transparencies. †¢ Gains and Holds Attention: People are more interested in multimedia messages which combine the elements of text, audio, graphics and video. Disadvantages of multimedia communication †¢ Expensive †¢ Not always easy to configure †¢ Requires special hardware †¢ Not always compatible Overall Multimedia communication in my opinion is a very good way to communicate, because people like to watch presentations and videos as it is a lot more interesting than verbal communication where you just listen to someone speak or written communication where you just read as it is very boring and so multimedia communication will make people watch it as it’s more interesting. On-screen communication in Merseytravel On-screen communication involves communicating from a screen, like a TV, computer screen etc. In Merseytravel there are several ways they communicate using on-screen communication. When standing on the platform at the train station, there is a screen on the platform which is on-screen communication as on the screen it tells you the train times, therefore it is communicating to you through on-screen information because your are getting the train times from the screen. The source of this on-screen information will be on the train station platform where the public can see what the train times are when waiting for the train. The reason why there are train times on the platform is so the public can see when waiting for the train how long they have until the train comes. The train times are on-screen because they can easily be updated electronically for the wait time of the train. Advantages of on-screen communication †¢ A large number of people can watch the presentation for example, and receive information from it. †¢ Can easily be updated †¢ The text can be easily understood because it’s electronic Disadvantages of on-screen communication †¢ May not work if there is a power-cut etc. †¢ You will have to keep referring back to the source to find out the information rather than a beneficial paper based copy for you personal viewing. Going back to the screen may prove time consuming. Overall on-screen information is a good way to communicate in my opinion because it can easily be updated and easily understood and will be more reliable than a piece of paper with the times on as the on-screen information can easily be updates if the train times get delayed etc.

The United States Of America, A Nation Known For Its...

The United States of America, a nation known for its democracy, liberty, and equality is a place where all can come that seek a better life while on the pursuit of happiness. All except those who classify themselves as Muslim, it seems. Throughout time, America has been thought to have a known disregard for those who practice the Islamic faith. The nineteenth century was the time in which America first established evangelical Christianity in the Middle East, arriving with the sole purpose of evangelizing the Muslims of the Ottoman Empire. Those who devotedly practice Islam were not as welcoming of the missionary intruders. However, amid the following encounter inside and crosswise over societies an unexpected soul of toleration was†¦show more content†¦The U.S. was viewed as the runner up in the pursuit of religious imperialism. Be that as it may, it was the American missionaries operating beneath the advocacy of the American Board, the aboriginal and the active American abb ot establishment, which afflicted the Ottoman lands, about the end of the nineteenth century, in degree, amount, proficiency, and property. Before the nineteenth century, the Ottoman lands were easily accessible to outsiders, giving American missionaries entrance into the land. The Ottoman Empire also contained a variety of religious systems during this period. Such religions included Islam, Judaism, Christianity, and Catholicism. American missionaries deceitfully convinced the Turks that they would not target the Muslims during their missionary work. Their real intentions were in fact to convert the Muslims to Christianity. To the Ottomans, this would be viewed as apostacy and would potentially result in death. 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A Public Health Nurse ( Phn ) - 1450 Words

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